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Scores could range from 1 to 7. To measure perceived constraints, we used the total score from the constraint scale of the revised version of the Commitment Inventory Owen et al. The total score included 19 items.

The response scale ranged from 1 strongly disagree to 7 strongly agree. The mean score was used in analyses and higher scores reflect more perceived constraints. A sum of the items checked was used in the analyses, thus scores could range from 0 to This scale included three items: This measure includes items about thoughts about dissolution, frequency of confiding in one another, and a general item about the degree of happiness with the relationship. It was scored by summing the items and higher scores indicate higher relationship adjustment. Scores could range from 0 to The item asked respondents to assess the probability that the relationship would dissolve on a 5-point Likert scale i.

Internal consistency could not be calculated for this single item measure, but test-retest reliability has been shown to be high in other research with a similar sample Rhoades et al. Scores could range from 1 to 5.

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Participants indicated their responses on a 5-point Likert scale. This item is based on an item used in the National Survey of Families and Households. Internal consistency could not be calculated for this single item measure, but test retest reliability has been shown to be high in other research with a similar sample Rhoades et al.

Table 1 presents the correlations among the four main facets of commitment and other relationship characteristics. Given the large sample size, we set alpha at. All facets of commitment were significantly correlated with each other with the exception that felt constraint was not significantly correlated with material constraints nor with perceived constraints correlations ranged from -. The highest correlation was between felt constraint and dedication. Higher dedication was associated with lower felt constraint.

N s range from to For Stability , individuals who stayed together were coded as 1, individuals who had broken-up were coded as 0. With regard to associations with other relationship characteristics, the four facets of commitment were significantly associated with relationship adjustment, perceived likelihood of marriage, perceived likelihood of break up, length of relationship, and actual relationship stability, with three exceptions.

The association between material constraints and relationship adjustment was non-significant, as were the associations between dedication and felt constraint with length of relationship. The significant correlations ranged from.

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Felt constraint operated quite differently from the other measures of types of constraint. The associations between felt constraint and relationship adjustment, perceived likelihood of marriage, and perceived likelihood of break-up were all in the opposite direction from the associations among these relationship characteristics and the other three facets of commitment measured.

Higher levels of felt constraint were associated with lower relationship adjustment, lower perceived likelihood of marriage, higher perceived likelihood of break-up, and less actual relationship stability, whereas more dedication, more perceived constraints, and more material constraints were associated with higher relationship adjustment, higher perceived likelihood of marriage, lower perceived likelihood of break-up, and less stability. Higher material constraint and perceived constraint commitment were also significantly associated with having been in the relationship longer. We used a logistic regression to examine the unique contributions of the four aspects of commitment in predicting break-up Table 2.

Alpha was set at.

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Dedication as well as perceived, material, and felt constraint scores were entered simultaneously as independent variables. The dependent variable was whether the participants were together with the same person 1 or not 0 by the eight-month follow-up as described earlier. The results indicated that each facet of commitment explained unique variance in stability; each was significantly related to stability, even when controlling for all of the other measures.

Higher levels of dedication, perceived constraints, and material constraint, and lower levels of felt constraint, all uniquely predicted staying together. Individuals who stayed together were coded as 1, individuals who had broken-up were coded as 0. To determine whether it would be important to include interactions between gender and commitment variables or cohabitation status and commitment variables in predicting break-up, we first examined interaction effects at the bivariate level.

Although there was a main effect of gender for one variable women reported significantly higher dedication than men , there were no significant interactions between gender and later relationship status on any of the commitment variables in the bivariate analyses, so interactions between commitment variables and gender were not included in the main logistic regression models. With regard to cohabitation status, there were main effects of cohabitation status for perceived, material, and felt constraints, with those cohabiting reporting more constraints than individuals who were not cohabiting, and there was one significant interaction, between relationship status and cohabitation status for material constraints.

This interaction indicated that the difference between those who were still together and those who were not was larger for those who were living together compared to those who were dating. That is to say, material constraints were more predictive of stability for those who were living together than for those who were not. Based on these analyses, we included the interaction term for material constraints by cohabitation status in the initial logistic regression we ran to test whether cohabitation status moderated the association between material constraints and relationship outcome.

When controlling for the other facets of commitment, however, the interaction between material constraints and cohabitation status was not significant, so we did not include it in the final logistic regression model. We also conducted a logistic regression with the four facets of commitment predicting break-up while controlling for several demographic variables: The results of this logistic regression indicated that even when controlling for these demographic factors, each type of commitment uniquely predicted relationship stability.

Detailed results of these sensitivity analyses can be obtained from the first author. This study examined four different facets of commitment in a large sample of individuals who were dating exclusively, but not yet married. These four facets dedication and perceived, felt, and material constraints were generally associated cross-sectionally with other relationship characteristics, including relationship adjustment, perceived likelihood of break-up and perceived likelihood of marriage.

Felt constraint was negatively related to relationship adjustment while the other facets of commitment were positively related. Next, we tested hypotheses about how these four facets of commitment were related to relationship stability over an eight-month period a period in which In support of our prediction, each of the four facets uniquely predicted relationship termination. First, although most of the measures we used had been used in previous research, our measures of material and felt constraints were novel and have not been tested in other published research.

These measures demonstrated high internal consistency in this study and were related to other constructs in predictable ways, but more work could be done to establish their validity. Second, the sample does not include any married participants, and the nature and function of constraints in marriage may be different from dating and cohabiting relationships. Indeed, we believe part of the value of this work lies in the fact that the field knows so little about relationship stability and dissolution in romantic relationships prior to marriage.

Hence, with these limitations in mind, the current study extends knowledge of how commitment, and particularly different kinds of constraints, is related to relationship stability in unmarried romantic relationships. Of the four kinds of investments tested in this prior research, what Goodfriend and Agnew called past tangible investments are most similar to the material constraints measured here. Differences in the samples college students vs. Our research highlights the importance of continuing to consider material constraints or past tangible investments in future work, as they predicted staying together, independent of dedication and other forms of constraint.

Can sharing a gym membership or adopting a cat really make a person stay in a relationship? One explanation for this finding comes from Stanley, Rhoades, and Markman who suggested that constraints creep up on cohabiting couples, creating an inertia that favors relationship continuance regardless of the quality of the match between partners, which in turn reduces options and alternatives before partners realize it. Many of the small material constraints measured here may not be recognized as events or actions that could make it harder to break up.

On the other hand, these material constraints predicted stability even when controlling for dedication, suggesting that they play at least an incremental independent role in relationship continuance. Future studies might examine which material constraints are the most potent predictors of relationship outcomes.

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There are likely some material constraints that are more important than others and the current study included only a summed score. Our findings also indicated some variation in commitment patterns based on type or stage of relationship. There was preliminary evidence that the association between material constraints and relationship stability might be stronger for couples who are cohabiting compared to those who are not, however this was only true in the bivariate analyses, not when controlling for other facets of commitment.

It could also be related to the fact that many individuals in dating, non-cohabiting relationship did not report any material constraints Importantly, we do not suggest that this is an artifact of the procedures or sample; rather, dating relationships likely have very few tangible, material constraints compared to cohabiting relationships. The finding that felt constraint independently predicts relationship termination is more complex, in some ways, than the other findings.

In theory, the concept of constraint implies greater difficulty in ending a relationship, but here, higher felt constraint was associated with higher likelihood of break up. We measured felt constraint using items that reflected a feeling of being trapped. Hence, being trapped reflects both a desire to terminate a relationship but also an awareness of barriers to doing so. A person who is happy in his or her relationship will likely not feel trapped, regardless of various types of constraints. Hence, although felt constraint likely slows down a break up because it reflects a sense that termination would be emotionally or tangibly taxing, it nevertheless predicts termination because it also reflects strong feelings of wanting out as it was negatively correlated with relationship adjustment.

Studies with many follow-ups and short intervals between assessments e.

More generally, future research with longer term follow-up could test models of how these four aspects of commitment develop over time. For example, it could be that as material constraints increase, perceived constraints also begin to increase. If dedication is high, the development of material constraints and perceived constraints will not feel uncomfortable or be problematic, but if dedication is low and if relationship satisfaction is low, increasing material and perceived constraints could be associated with increases in felt constraint.

Although each of the four aspects of commitment measured here predicted unique variance in relationship stability over time, they accounted for only a small proportion of the variance in short-term break-up behavior. Future research could address additional aspects of commitment as well as other variables, such as communication, violence, or infidelity, that may also help explain why some unmarried relationships persist while others dissolve.

In summary, this study demonstrated in a large, relatively representative sample that both dedication and constraint are related to relationship stability among individuals in unmarried romantic relationships. In addition to measuring perceived constraint commitment, which has been addressed in prior research, we examined two new aspects of constraint commitment: Along with dedication the desire to maintain the relationship in the long run , these three aspects of constraint commitment each independently predicted relationship stability.

Felt constraint was associated in the opposite direction from the other aspects of commitment measured, but this was not surprising given that it reflects both a sense of wanting out and of feeling trapped. Commitment can be conceptualized in many ways, but the most fundamental meaning in a romantic relationship is that there is a future.

This sense of a future can be based in both a desire for a future with the partner dedication and the growing presence of factors that reinforce staying together regardless of that desire constraints.