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Yet for all the talk, Carney has only ever put up rates once — by a whopping 0. In most other walks of life, this kind of talk without action would be bordering on the dishonest, but it has been going on for so long in central banking it has become normalised. A fortnight ago, on 20 April, Carney did it again. In other words, yet again we are not going to put up rates. He also said more interest rate rises — more?
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Of course, sterling sold off. That sell-off was exacerbated by the strong dollar, but sterling was weak against all major currencies. Since then a number of political events have conspired to create a great deal of instability: Meanwhile, and perhaps above all, the US dollar keeps getting stronger. It never rains but it pours. We further discuss the sensitivity of the model with respect to the input parameters. Correct segmentation of the brain appears to be the most. The model is based on the Fisher—Kolmogorov equation, which formalizes these growth characteristics and estimates the spatial distribution of tumor cells in normal appearing regions of the brain.
Imaging modalities in radiation treatment planning of brain tumors. The radiation therapy is a standard treatment after surgery for most of malignant and some of benignant brain tumors. The restriction in acquiring local tumor control is an inability in realization of high dose without causing radiation necrosis in irradiated area and sparing normal tissues. The development of imaging modalities during the last years is responsible for better treatment results and lower early and late toxicity. Essential is the role of image methods not only in the diagnosis and also in the precise anatomical during last years also functional localisation, spreading of the tumor , treatment planning process and the effects of the treatment.
Target delineation is one of the great geometrical uncertainties in the treatment planning process. The use of simulation modeling for the identification of system sensitivities to internal and external forces and variables is discussed. The technique provides a means of exploring alternate system procedures and processes, so that these alternatives may be considered on a mutually comparative basis permitting the selection of a mode or modes of operation which have potential advantages to the system user and the operator.
These advantages are measurements is system efficiency are: A voxel-based multiscale model to simulate the radiation response of hypoxic tumors. In radiotherapy, it is important to predict the response of tumors to irradiation prior to the treatment. This is especially important for hypoxic tumors , which are known to be highly radioresistant. Mathematical modeling based on the dose distribution, biological parameters, and medical images may help to improve this prediction and to optimize the treatment plan.
A voxel-based multiscale tumor response model for simulating the radiation response of hypoxic tumors was developed. It considers viable and dead tumor cells, capillary and normal cells, as well as the most relevant biological processes such as i proliferation of tumor cells, ii hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, iii spatial exchange of cells leading to tumor growth, iv oxygen-dependent cell survival after irradiation, v resorption of dead cells, and vi spatial exchange of cells leading to tumor shrinkage.
Oxygenation is described on a microscopic scale using a previously published tumor oxygenation model, which calculates the oxygen distribution for each voxel using the vascular fraction as the most important input parameter. To demonstrate the capabilities of the model, the dependence of the oxygen distribution on tumor growth and radiation-induced shrinkage is investigated. In addition, the impact of three different reoxygenation processes is compared and tumor control probability TCP curves for a squamous cells carcinoma of the head and neck HNSSC are simulated under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
The model describes the spatiotemporal behavior of the tumor on three different scales: With increasing tumor size, the simulated tumors develop a hypoxic core. Within the model, tumor shrinkage was. Digital tumor fluoroscopy DTF --a new direct imaging system in the therapy planning for brain tumors. Digital Tumor Fluoroscopy is an expanded x-ray video chain optimized to iodine contrast with an extended Gy scale up to Gy values.
Series of pictures are taken before and after injection of contrast medium. With the most recent unit, up to ten images can be taken and stored. The microprogrammable processor allows the subtraction of images recorded at any moment of the examination. Dynamic views of the distribution of contrast medium in the intravasal and extravasal spaces of brain and tumor tissue are gained by the subtraction of stored images.
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Tumors can be differentiated by studying the storage and drainage behavior of the contrast medium during the period of examination. Meningiomas store contrast medium very intensively during the whole time of investigation, whereas astrocytomas grade pick it up less strongly at the beginning and release it within 2 min. Glioblastomas show a massive but delayed accumulation of contrast medium and a decreased flow-off-rate. In comparison with radiography and MR-imaging the most important advantage of Digital Tumor Fluoroscopy is that direct information on tumor localization is gained in relation to the skull-cap.
This enables the radiotherapist to mark the treatment field directly on the skull. Therefore it is no longer necessary to calculate the tumor volume from several CT scans for localization. This would help overcome the disadvantages arising from the lack of a collimating system, and the inaccuracies which result from completely different geometric relationships between a CT unit and a therapy machine. Numerical simulation of avascular tumor growth. A mathematical and numerical model for the description of different aspects of microtumor development is presented.
The model is based in the solution of a system of partial differential equations describing an avascular tumor growth. A detailed second-order numeric algorithm for solving this system is described. Parameters are swiped to cover a range of feasible physiological values. While previous published works used a single set of parameters values, here we present a wide range of feasible solutions for tumor growth, covering a more realistic scenario.
The model is validated by experimental data obtained with a multicellular spheroid model, a specific type of in vitro biological model which is at present considered to be optimum for the study of complex aspects of avascular microtumor physiology. Moreover, a dynamical analysis and local behaviour of the system is presented, showing chaotic situations for particular sets of parameter values at some fixed points. Further biological experiments related to those specific points may give potentially interesting results.
Stereoscopic virtual reality models for planning tumor resection in the sellar region. Full Text Available Abstract Background It is difficult for neurosurgeons to perceive the complex three-dimensional anatomical relationships in the sellar region. Methods To investigate the value of using a virtual reality system for planning resection of sellar region tumors.
The study included 60 patients with sellar tumors. The CT and MRI scanning data were collected and then imported into a Dextroscope imaging workstation, a virtual reality system that allows structures to be viewed stereoscopically. During preoperative assessment, typical images for each patient were chosen and printed out for use by the surgeons as references during surgery. Results All sellar tumor models clearly displayed bone, the internal carotid artery, circle of Willis and its branches, the optic nerve and chiasm, ventricular system, tumor , brain, soft tissue and adjacent structures.
Depending on the location of the tumors , we simulated the transmononasal sphenoid sinus approach, transpterional approach, and other approaches. Eleven surgeons who used virtual reality models completed a survey questionnaire. Nine of the participants said that the virtual reality images were superior to other images but that other images needed to be used in combination with the virtual reality images. Conclusions The three-dimensional virtual reality models were helpful for individualized planning of surgery in the sellar region.
Virtual reality appears to be promising as a valuable tool for sellar region surgery in the future. Advanced Simulation and Computing Business Plan. This requires a complete and robust simulation environment backed by an experimental program to test ASC Program models. This ASC Business Plan document encapsulates a complex set of elements, each of which is essential to the success of the simulation component of the Nuclear Security Enterprise.
The ASC Business Plan addresses the hiring, mentoring, and retaining of programmatic technical staff responsible for building the simulation tools of the nuclear security complex. Each piece in this chain is essential to assure policymakers, who must make decisions based on the results of simulations , that they are receiving all the actionable information they need.
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Virtual reality VR simulators have become useful tools in various fields of medicine. Prominent uses of VR technologies include assessment of physician skills and presurgical planning. VR has shown effectiveness in multiple surgical specialties, yet its use in neurosurgery remains limited. To examine all current literature on VR-based simulation for presurgical planning and training in cranial tumor surgeries and to assess the quality of these studies.
The initial search identified articles. Thirty-seven full-text articles were assessed for inclusion. Nine studies were included. These studies were subdivided into presurgical planning and training using VR. Prospects for VR are bright when surgical planning and skills training are considered. In terms of surgical planning , VR has noted and documented usefulness in the planning of cranial surgeries. Further, VR has been central to establishing reproducible benchmarks of performance in relation to cranial tumor resection, which are helpful not only in showing face and construct validity but also in enhancing neurosurgical training in a way not previously examined.
Although additional studies are needed to better delineate the precise role of VR in each of these capacities, these studies stand to show the usefulness of VR in the neurosurgery and highlight the need for further investigation. Published by Elsevier Inc. Implementation plans for the Korean certified tumor registrar qualification system. Cancer registration data is used to understand the nation's cancer burden, and to provide significant baseline data for cancer control efforts, as well as, research on cancer incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence.
A system that approves, assesses, and manages the qualification of specialists, responsible for performing cancer registration, has not been developed in Korea. This study presents ways to implement a certification system designed for the qualification of tumor registrars in Korea. Requirements for implementing a certified tumor registrar qualification system were determined by reviewing the system for establishing qualifications in Korea and the American qualification system via the National Cancer Registrars Association NCRA.
Moreover, a survey was conducted on Korean medical records administrators, who had taken the U.
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Certified Tumor Registrar CTR examination, in order to review their opinions regarding these requirements. This study verified the feasibility of a qualification examination based on the opinions of CTR specialists by determining the following: The implementation of a certified tumor registrar qualification system will lead to enhanced job competency for specialists and a qualitative improvement of cancer registration data.
It will also reliably foster human resources that will lay the groundwork needed to establish scientific and reasonable national cancer management policies. Optimization of Gamma Knife treatment planning via guided evolutionary simulated annealing. We present a method for generating optimized Gamma Knife trade mark sign Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden radiosurgery treatment plans.
This semiautomatic method produces a highly conformal shot packing plan for the irradiation of an intracranial tumor. We simulate optimal treatment planning criteria with a probability function that is linked to every voxel in a volumetric MR or CT region of interest. After determination of initial radiosurgery treatment parameters, a guided evolutionary simulated annealing GESA algorithm is used to find the optimal size, position, and weight for each shot.